02035nas a2200157 4500008004100000022002500041245019500066210006900261260001600330300001200346490000900358520142900367100001501796700001801811856004801829 2022 eng d a1175-5334, 1175-532600aMarcusenius elegans: a replacement name for Marcusenius gracilis Kramer 2013 (Osteoglossiformes: Mormyridae), a secondary junior homonym of Marcusenius senegalensis gracilis (Pellegrin 1922)0 aMarcusenius elegans a replacement name for Marcusenius gracilis  cAug-18-2022 a499-5000 v51753 a

The West African mormyrid Marcusenius gracilis Kramer 2013 is a secondary homonym of Gnathonemus gracilis Pellegrin 1922 when both species are placed in the same genus Marcusenius (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, article 57.3). Marcusenius gracilis was first described by Kramer (2013: 123), based on a holotype and 16 paratypes from Ivory Coast, West Africa. The taxon was subsequently treated as a valid species of Marcusenius by Kramer & Wink (2013: 2334), and by Fricke et al. (2022). Kramer (2013) was not aware of Gnathonemus gracilis Pellegrin 1922, which was originally described by Pellegrin (1922: 221), based on a specimen from the Gribingui River, Lake Chad basin, in today’s Central African Republic. The holotype is extant (MNHN 1922-0023). The taxon was treated as a synonym of the West African species Marcusenius senegalensis (Steindachner 1870), but as a valid subspecies (Gosse 1984: 89, Lévêque et al. 1991: 138). Marcusenius senegalensis gracilis (Pellegrin 1922) has precedence over Marcusenius gracilis Kramer 2013, and the latter must be renamed when both taxa are classified in genus Marcusenius. Marcusenius elegans nom. nov. is herein proposed as the replacement name for Marcusenius gracilis Kramer 2013. The new species epithet is based on the Latin word elegans, meaning elegant, referring to its slender body; the name is treated as an adjective.

1 aFricke, R.1 aKramer, Bernd uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.4.802363nas a2200109 4500008004100000245017900041210006900220520188000289100001502169700001802184856005102202 2000 eng d00aElectrosensory prey detection in the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae), of a weakly electric mormyrid fish, the bulldog (Marcusenius macrolepidotus )0 aElectrosensory prey detection in the African sharptooth catfish 3 a

During their seasonal runs in the Okavango and other freshwater bodies in southern Africa, the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, specialises on the bulldog, Marcusenius macrolepidotus, as its main prey. We examined whether the catfish can locate bulldogs by detecting their pulse-type electric organ discharges (EODs). The electrosensory threshold for single-cycle, monopolar square-wave pulses was exceedingly low (down to 13 µVp–p/cm for 4-ms pulses) in trained, food-rewarded sharptooth catfish (n=4), confirming the results of Lissmann and Machin who were, however, unable to identify a biological function. Other stimulus pulse waveforms (single-cycle, monopolar as well as bipolar sine-wave pulses) were also effective stimuli according to their spectral low-frequency energy contents (0– 30 Hz). Male bulldogs display an EOD pulse approximately 10× the duration of female EODs (≈0.5 ms). The C. gariepinus threshold for field-recorded playbacks of a male bulldog EOD (of long duration) was 103 µVp–p/cm, whereas the brief female and juvenile EODs were not detected (using intensities of natural EODs). EODs of other mormyrids were detected when either monopolar or of long duration. Signal source amplitude increased linearly with standard length (SL) in bulldogs. Signal reach, as calculated from signal source amplitude and receiver sensitivity, is up to 150 cm for a large male bulldog (SL 27.5 cm), and 83 cm for a male that has just turned sexually mature (SL 12.6 cm). Therefore, most bulldogs eaten by catfish are probably male, in agreement with the size distribution of bulldogs found in catfish stomachs. These results suggest that sharptooth catfish rely heavily on their acute electrical sense during hunting, and an important function for electroreception in an African catfish has been identified.

1 aHanika, S.1 aKramer, Bernd uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265000023201616nas a2200133 4500008004100000245018500041210006900226300001200295490000700307520103900314100002901353700001801382856008201400 1996 eng d00aPhylogenetic relationships between eight African species of mormyriform fish (Teleostei, Osteichthyes): resolution of a cryptic species, and reinstatement of Cyphomyrus Myers, 19600 aPhylogenetic relationships between eight African species of morm a275-2900 v243 a

Phylogenetic relationships between seven elephantfish species from five genera (Mormyridae) that are endemic to southem Africa, and the Nile knifefish of the sister family, Gymnamhidae, were determined using biochemical genetic data, behaviour (the waveforms of the electric organ discharge), morphology, and habitat and food preferences. The results confirmed the existence of an undescribed species of Hippopotamyrus, and that H.ansorgii and H.discorhynchus are not congeners.These distinctions had been suggested by differences in electric organ discharge wavefonns and are here substantiated by morphological and genetic data. We recommend the reinstatement of Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852). Genetic distance (D, Nei, 1972) values suggest confamilial genera (D average of 1.09 for all species studied, and 0.715 for southern African species), with the exception of the sympatric and congeneric species: H. ansorgii and H. sp. (D=0.423). Phylogenies based on morphological and electrophoretic data are congruent.

1 avan der Bank, F., Herman1 aKramer, Bernd uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305197896000269?via%3Dihub02153nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245015600055210006900211260001600280300000800296490000900304520155700313100001801870700002401888700001401912856005701926 2016 eng d a1175-532600aElectric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity0 aElectric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species T cMay-11-2018 a3670 v42003 a

Recent morphological and genetic studies have revealed two new species of snoutfish in South Africa, Marcusenius caudisquamatus and M. krameri, which had been confused with M. pongolensis, the South African bulldog fish. All known mormyriform fish are nocturnal and emit electric organ discharges (EODs) for communication that are characteristic for their species. This paper examines whether or not the EODs of these three closely-related South African species can be differentiated from each other. An EOD pulse of a bulldog fish consists of a head-positive phase P, followed by a head-negative phase N of short duration. We measured and compared six variables of the EOD pulse waveform for South African samples for the three species from different locations using MANOVA, ANOVA and Discriminant Analysis, with M. devosi from Kenya as an outgroup. The EOD waveforms, normalized to the same P-phase amplitude, varied significantly from each other in four variables, most strongly in the amplitude of the N phase and the duration of the P phase. In two species, M. devosi and M. krameri, there was no evidence of difference between sexes, in contrast to M. pongolensis and M. caudisquamatus whose male pulses were of longer duration. M. devosi and M. krameri were statistically significantly independent of each other and of any other group studied. By contrast, the M. pongolensis specimens from different locations showed a high degree of variability amongst each other, including significant separation, and overlap with M. caudisquamatus.

1 aKramer, Bernd1 aMaake, Pholoshi, A.1 aGon, Ofer uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4200.302046nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260001600228300001100244520130700255653001201562653003001574653002801604653001501632653001901647653001501666100001801681700002901699700001801728856007001746 2016 eng d a1608-591400aMarcusenius desertus sp. nov. (Teleostei: Mormyridae), a mormyrid fish from the Namib desert0 aiMarcusenius desertusi sp nov Teleostei Mormyridae a mormyrid fi cJul-03-2016 a1 - 183 a

We critically compared Marcusenius specimens from the mouth of the Cunene River on the Namibia/Angola border, a harsh desert environment on the Atlantic Ocean coast virtually devoid of aerial insects with aquatic larvae which are an important food item, with Marcusenius multisquamatus Kramer & Wink, 2013 from the escarpment region of that same river, in a relatively rich and productive subtropical savannah environment. River mouth specimens were differentiated in morphology and electric organ discharges, as determined by ANOVA/MANOVA comparisons, principal component and discriminant analyses on morphological and electrophysiological characters, and genetics, including sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, indicating reproductive isolation. Specimens from the river mouth differed from M. multisquamatus, their closest relatives, by having a shorter snout, a smaller eye diameter, and smaller nares separation. River mouth specimens were also differentiated from other, increasingly less-close relatives, such as M. altisambesi Kramer et al., 2007 from the Okavango River, Botswana, and from M. krameri Maake et al., 2014 from the Limpopo System, South Africa. We therefore designate the new species Marcusenius desertus sp. nov. for the Cunene River mouth population.

10aecology10aelectric organ discharges10agenetic differentiation10amorphology10aphylogeography10aspeciation1 aKramer, Bernd1 avan der Bank, F., Herman1 aWink, Michael uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/16085914.2015.113785500538nas a2200121 4500008004100000245020300041210006900244300001200313490000700325100001800332700001800350856004800368 1988 eng d00aIntraspecific variability of the pulse-type discharges of the African electric fishes, Pollimyrus isidori and Petrocephalus bovei (Mormyridea, Teleostei), and their dependence on water conductivity.0 aIntraspecific variability of the pulsetype discharges of the Afr a227-2380 v471 aBratton, B.O.1 aKramer, Bernd uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/7902898nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001300041245023200054210006900286300001200355490000700367520218500374100001802559700002902577700002102606700002302627700001802650856004802668 2003 eng d a0378190900aEvidence for parapatric speciation in the mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus castelnaui (Boulenger, 1911) from the Okavango-Upper Zambezi River systems: P. marianne sp. nov., defined by electric organ discharges, morphology and genetics0 aEvidence for parapatric speciation in the mormyrid fish Pollimyr a47 - 700 v673 a

We report on parapatric speciation in the mormyrid fish,Pollimyrus castelnaui (Boulenger, 1911), from the Okavango and the Upper Zambezi River systems. We recognise samples from the Zambezi River as a distinct species, P. marianne, displaying an eastern phenotype of electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform (Type 3) that is distinct from the western EOD phenotype (Type 1) observed in P. castelnaui samples from the neighbouring Okavango. Samples from the geographically intermediate Kwando/Linyanti River (a tributary of the Zambezi that is also intermittently connected to the Okavango) presented a more variable third EOD phenotype (Type 2). In 13 out of 14 morphological characters studied, the Zambezi River samples differed significantly from P. castelnaui. Morphologically and in EOD characters, the Kwando/Linyanti fish are distinct from both P. castelnaui and P. marianne. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene unambiguously reveals that specimens from the Zambezi River System form a well supported taxon which clearly differs from P. castelnaui from the Okavango (1.5–2.5% sequence divergence).Within specimens from theKwando–Zambezi System some geographic differentiation can be detected (nucleotide substitutions up to 0.6%); but groups cannot be resolved with certainty. Significant allozyme differences were found between the Okavango and all other EOD types from the Upper Zambezi System, and, within the Zambezi System, between the Kwando (Type 2) and Zambezi (Type 3) individuals. The low Wright’s fixation index values, the lack of fixed allele differences, and small genetic distances provide little evidence for speciation between groups within the Zambezi System, but moderate to great fixation index values and significant allele frequency differences were observed between the Okavango and the other fishes. It is concluded that within the Zambezi System, differentiation between Kwando/Linyanti and Zambezi populations (as revealed by morphology and EOD waveform comparisons) is so recent that substantial genetic (allozyme and mitochondrial sequence) differences could not have evolved, or were not detected.

1 aKramer, Bernd1 avan der Bank, F., Herman1 aFlint, Nicolette1 aSauer-Gürth, Hedi1 aWink, Michael uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/5500512nas a2200121 4500008004100000245016600041210006900207300001200276490000700288100001800295700002900313856004800342 2000 eng d00aThe southern churchill, Petrocephalus wesselsi, a new species of mormyrid from South Africa defined by electric organ discharges, genetics, and morphology0 asouthern churchill iPetrocephalus wesselsii a new species of mor a393-4130 v591 aKramer, Bernd1 avan der Bank, F., Herman uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/6100520nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245013100055210006900186260001100255300001400266490000700280100002100287700001800308856004800326 2005 eng d a1439-544400aElectric signalling and reproductive behaviour in a mormyrid fish, the bulldog Marcusenius macrolepidotus (South African form)0 aElectric signalling and reproductive behaviour in a mormyrid fis c7/2005 a113 - 1250 v231 aWerneyer, Martin1 aKramer, Bernd uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/4200518nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001200251300001400263490000700277100002200284700001800306856004800324 2003 eng d a1432-076200aElectrosensory basis for individual recognition in a weakly electric, mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus adspersus (Günther, 1866)0 aElectrosensory basis for individual recognition in a weakly elec c12/2003 a197 - 2080 v551 aPaintner, Stephan1 aKramer, Bernd uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/5302498nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245016000055210006900215260001200284300001400296490000700310520193800317100001902255700001802274856004802292 2006 eng d a1432-076200aAllopatric differentiation in the acoustic communication of a weakly electric fish from southern Africa, Marcusenius macrolepidotus (Mormyridae, Teleostei)0 aAllopatric differentiation in the acoustic communication of a we c12/2006 a385 - 3990 v613 a

A few species of the weakly electric snoutfish, the African freshwater family Mormyridae, have been reported to vocalise. However, allopatric populations of a single species were never compared. Members of three allopatric Marcusenius macrolepidotus populations, originating from the Upper Zambezi River in Namibia, the Buzi River (Mozambique), and the Incomati River system in South Africa, vocalised with pulsatile growl- and tonal hoot sounds in dyadic confrontation experiments. A high rate of growling accompanied territorial and agonistic interactions and also non-threatening interactions between males and females, which in one pair appeared to be courtship. Growl sound characteristics of M. macrolepidotus from the Incomati system differed from those of the Upper Zambezi in a significantly higher frequency of the first harmonic (mean, 355 Hz vs 266 Hz). The two vocalising males from the Buzi River generated growls about twice as long as the other fish. Furthermore, the growl pulse period was about 4 ms in M. macrolepidotus from the Upper Zambezi River and from the Incomati system, but 6 ms in M. macro- lepidotus from the Buzi River. Hoots were only observed in agonistic encounters. Hoot oscillograms showed a sinusoi- dal waveform, and the mean duration of this sound was similar in Incomati system fish (mean, 161 ms), Upper Zambezi fish (172 ms) and Buzi fish (103 and 145 ms for the two vocalising individuals). The mean frequency of the first hoot harmonic was higher in Incomati system fish (326 Hz) than in Upper Zambezi fish (245 Hz). Both growl and hoot occurred only in the presence of conspecifics, probably signalling the presence and condition of an opponent, territory owner or potential mate. This is the first evidence for (1) sound production and acoustical commu- nication in another species and genus, M. macrolepidotus, from southern Africa to be (2) geographically differentiated.

1 aLamml, Michael1 aKramer, Bernd uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/3800563nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245013800055210006900193260001200262300001100274490000700285100001800292700002900310700001800339856004800357 2004 eng d a1463-640900aHippopotamyrus ansorgii species complex in the Upper Zambezi River System with a description of a new species, H. szaboi (Mormyridae)0 aHippopotamyrus ansorgii species complex in the Upper Zambezi Riv c01/2004 a1 - 180 v331 aKramer, Bernd1 avan der Bank, F., Herman1 aWink, Michael uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/4900634nas a2200145 4500008004100000245023000041210006900271300001200340490000700352100001800359700001600377700002900393700001800422856004800440 2007 eng d00aAllopatric differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in southern and eastern Africa: the resurrection of M. pongolensis and M. angolensis, and the description of two new species (Mormyridae, Teleostei)0 aAllopatric differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus spe a647-7080 v411 aKramer, Bernd1 aSkelton, P.1 avan der Bank, F., Herman1 aWink, Michael uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/3600511nas a2200157 4500008004100000020002200041245004700063210004700110260005100157300001600208100001800224700002100242700002300263700001900286856004800305 2009 eng d a978-3-540-29678-200aElectric Communication and Electrolocation0 aElectric Communication and Electrolocation aBerlin, HeidelbergbSpringer Berlin Heidelberg a1038 - 10451 aKramer, Bernd1 aBinder, Marc, D.1 aHirokawa, Nobutaka1 aWindhorst, Uwe uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/2900540nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245015200055210006900207260001100276300001600287490000700303100001800310700001800328856004800346 2010 eng d a0022-293300aA new species of Slender Stonebasher within the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii complex from the Cunene River in southern Africa (Teleostei: Mormyriformes)0 anew species of Slender Stonebasher within the Hippopotamyrus ans c9/2010 a2213 - 22420 v441 aKramer, Bernd1 aSwartz, Ernst uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/2301509nas a2200121 4500008004100000245020200041210006900243490000700312520097300319100001801292700002901310856004801339 2011 eng d00aThe Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei)0 aVictoria Falls a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish Cyp0 v453 a

Cyphomyrus discorhynchus occurs in the Zambezi River and in the linked systems of the Kwando and the Okavango. We collected specimens from both above and below the Victoria Falls and recorded Electric Organ Discharges. We found a marked degree of anatomical differentiation among the specimens from the Zambezi delta to the Victoria Falls that represents a subspecific, geographical cline, reflecting the great length (1400 km) and high ecological diversity of that river section (Lower and Middle Zambezi). We confirm that the populations above the Falls (i.e. Upper Zambezi, Kwando and Okavango) are differentiated from those below, possessing fewer dorsal fin rays (a median of 30-31 rather than 33-34). The waveforms of the electric organ discharge pulses have four phases and show geographic variation but were briefer for specimens from below the Falls. We resurrect Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) for the Upper Zambezi/Kwando/Okavango system

1 aKramer, Bernd1 avan der Bank, F., Herman uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/2202001nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001900041245025000060210006900310260001200379300001600391490000700407520111200414653002601526653003001552653002301582653001801605653001601623100001801639700001701657700001601674700001801690856005101708 2012 eng d aISSN 0022-293300aA critical revision of the churchill snoutfish, genus Petrocephalus Marcusen, 1854 (Actinopterygii: Teleostei: Mormyridae), from southern and eastern Africa, with the recognition of Petrocephalus tanensis, and the description of five new species0 acritical revision of the churchill snoutfish genus Petrocephalus c09/2012 a2179–22580 v463 a

We morphologically and genetically studied the southern African electric fish Petrocephalus catostoma, or churchill, and its six nominal species, five of which by synonymization (three valid subspecies). We reinstate the synonymized species, and recognize Petrocephalus tanensis (Whitehead and Greenwood, 1959) from the Tana River in Kenya, also using electric organ discharges. The Okavango delta (Botswana) is inhabited by Petrocephalus okavangensis sp. nov. and Petrocephalus magnitrunci sp. nov., and the Namibian Cunene River by Petrocephalus magnoculis sp. nov. We recognize Petrocephalus petersi sp. nov. for the Lower Zambezi River (Mozambique), and Petrocephalus longicapitis sp. nov. for the Upper Zambezi River (Namibia). The Lufubu River in Northern Zambia is inhabited by Petrocephalus longianalis sp. nov. For the southern churchill, Petrocephalus wesselsi Kramer and Van der Bank, 2000, we confirm intraspecific and interspecific differentia- tion. Sequence data from mitochondrial DNA confirm differentiation of two new western and two eastern species, forming mutual sister groups.

10aallopatric speciation10aelectric organ discharges10amolecular genetics10amorphometrics10aSystematics1 aKramer, Bernd1 aBills, Roger1 aSkelton, P.1 aWink, Michael uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.70845200615nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245021000055210006900265260001200334300001100346100001800357700002900375700001800404856004700422 2014 eng d a1464-526200aMarked differentiation in a new species of dwarf stonebasher, Pollimyrus cuandoensis sp. nov. (Mormyridae: Teleostei), from a contact zone with two sibling species of the Okavango and Zambezi rivers0 aMarked differentiation in a new species of dwarf stonebasher iPo c12/2013 a1 - 351 aKramer, Bernd1 avan der Bank, F., Herman1 aWink, Michael uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/601772nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245018700055210006900242260001200311300001200323490000700335520121500342100001801557856005101575 2013 eng d a1727-936400aMorphological and electrophysiological field observations on electric freshwater fish of the genus Mormyrops Müller 1843 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from West and southern Africa0 aMorphological and electrophysiological field observations on ele c11/2013 a31 - 410 v383 a

Different specimens of Mormyrops anguilloides (Linnaeus 1758) were reported to display electric organ discharge (EOD) pulses of either initially head-positive or initially negative polarity, a hypothetical sex difference that has not been substantiated to date. The morphology and EODs of M. anguilloides of both sexes and a sexually mature size from the Comoé and Bandama rivers, Côte d’Ivoire, and the Lower and Middle Zambezi, Mozambique, displayed initially positive EODs. The morphologically similar M. breviceps Steindachner 1895 of both sexes and a sexually mature size from the Bandama River displayed initially head-negative EODs of biphasic waveform and long duration (0.93–1.15 ms) in the very-low-frequency spectral range. Mormyrops anguilloides from the Comoé and Bandama rivers were differentiated in caudal peduncle depth and in EOD waveform, pulse duration and spectral energy content. The former samples displayed a biphasic, lower-frequency EOD pulse of up to 0.42 ms duration, the latter a tetraphasic, high-frequency EOD of up to 0.33 ms. It is suggested that reports of EODs of both polarities in M. anguilloides indicate the presence of an unrecognised species.

1 aKramer, Bernd uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2013.79124401603nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245017700055210006900232260001200301300001400313490000700327520105700334100001801391856004801409 2013 eng d a1029-036200aDifferentiation in morphology and electrical signalling in four species of para- and sympatric Marcusenius (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa0 aDifferentiation in morphology and electrical signalling in four  c03/2013 a105 - 1330 v463 a

Marcusenius Gill, 1862 species were sampled from the Bandama River and the Comoé River in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. Marcusenius gracilis sp. nov. was differentiated from M. senegalensis (Steindachner, 1870), Marcusenius ussheri (Günther, 1867) and M. furcidens (Pellegrin, 1920) in electric organ discharges (EOD), and morphologically from all other West African congeners. Principal component analysis showed significant morphological differentiation among the four Ivorian species. Principal component 1 was loaded most strongly by characters affecting swimming power and manoeuvrability. The morphologically most similar pair, M. furcidens and M. gracilis sp. nov., are distinguished by their EOD waveforms and a sexual dimorphism in the anal fin base in the latter not present in the former. M. ussheri is distinguished by a sexual dimorphism in its EOD waveform not observed in the other three species. This system is an opportunity to study how far the fine-tuning of char- acter displacement among syntopic species can go.

1 aKramer, Bernd uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/1301677nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245020200055210007100257260001200328300001600340490000700356520107200363100001801435700001801453856004801471 2013 eng d a1464-526200aEast–west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)0 aEast–west differentiation in the iMarcusenius macrolepidotusi sp c09/2013 a2327 - 23620 v473 a

This paper critically compares the Southern African bulldog fish species Marcusenius macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852), inhabiting the eastern Lower Zambezi River, and Marcusenius altisambesi Kramer et al., 2007, inhabiting the central Upper Zambezi River, with bulldog fish samples from the western lower Cunene River, a 2600-km range from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic. The three species or forms are well differentiated in morphology and molecular genetics, and dif- ferentiation is also present in electric organ discharges. Marcusenius altisambesi and the Cunene sample, which we recognize as Marcusenius multisquamatus sp. nov., are closely related and form a sister taxon to M. macrolepidotus. This result is based on the analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and genomic Inter-simple-sequence-repeat fingerprinting. Morphological adaptations to life in a torrential escarpment river seem to be present in M. multisquamatus sp. nov. when compared with M. altisambesi, which lives in a reservoir river that periodi- cally floods the savannah.

1 aKramer, Bernd1 aWink, Michael uhttps://mormyrids.myspecies.info/fr/node/11